Cultural Dimensions

DECIDING

Who and How People in Different Cultures Decide

decision, path, signpost

The Deciding scale measures the degree to which a culture is consensus-minded.

According to Meyers, we often assume that the most egalitarian cultures will be the most democratic, while the most hierarchical ones will allow the boss to make unilateral decisions. But this is only sometimes the case. Germans are more hierarchical than Americans but more likely than their U.S. colleagues to build group agreements before making decisions. The Japanese are both strongly hierarchical and strongly consensus-minded.

 

Key Characteristics

CONSENSUAL

TOP DOWN

  • Decisions are made in groups through unanimous agreement

  • Lower tolerance for mistakes. Spending more time trying to arrive at a perfect decision
  • Decisions are made by individuals (usually the boss)

  • Higher tolerance for mistakes. “We stick to our decision and address mistakes on the fly, evolving along the way »

COUNTRY COMPARISON

The chart shows examples of where certain countries fall on the decision-making scale. 

THE LINK BETWEEN LEADERSHIP & DECISION-MAKING

EXAMPLE Nr. 1

 

Jack Sheldon, a British executive who worked for a Japanese pharmaceutical company, shared stories about his mishaps while trying to work with Tokyo-based managers. Following a problem with a particular product, a decision had to be made regarding whether to discontinue its development. Sheldon was invited to Tokyo to give his view, which was strongly that testing should continue.

“One of the Japanese managers gave an opening presentation, and during his speech he presented an argument followed by conclusions for why the testing should stop. I sensed that the others were in agreement with his comments. In fact, it seemed that the decision had already been finalised within the group. I presented my slides still feeling that my point of view would win out. But although people were still very polite, it was clear that the Japanese managers were 100 percent aligned against continued testing. I gave all of my arguments and presented all of the facts, but the group wouldn’t budge.”

What Sheldon hadn’t understood was that before Japanese company members sign off on a proposal, consensus building starts with informal, face-to-face discussions. This process of informally making a proposal, getting input, and solidifying support is called nemawashi. Literally meaning “root-binding”, nemawashi is a gardening term that refers to the process of preparing the roots of a plant or tree for transplanting, which protects them from damage. Similarly, nemawashi protects a Japanese organisation from damage caused by disagreement or lack of commitment and follow-through. In many Japanese companies, the ringi process is even managed by a dedicated software programme.

EXAMPLE Nr. 2

 

When Erin Meyer first moved to Europe, her new Swedish boss introduced himself as a typical consensus-building manager. Conscious of her American roots, he explained that this was the best way to ensure that everyone was on board and he hoped that she would be patient with this very Swedish process.

She was initially delighted with the prospect of working with an inclusive boss, who listened carefully to his staff and weighed everyone’s views before making a decision. But after her first few weeks, the emails had started mounting up. One morning, this message arrived:

Hey team, I thought we should meet for an annual face-to-face on December 6th. We could focus the meeting on how to be more client-centric. What do you think?

The firm was a small consultancy with more work than they could handle and her colleagues, mainly energetic young Swedes, worked long hours to meet targets and keep their clients happy. She didn’t feel she had much of an opinion on her bosse’s question, so her automatic response was to hit the delete button and get back to work. But in the hours that followed, her Swedish colleagues began sending their responses, adding suggestions and views on what to focus on. Occasionally their boss would inject an email with a few comments. Slowly, they began to reach agreement. She then got an individual email:

Hi Erin, haven’t heard from you, what do you think?

She really wanted to respond by saying, “I have absolutely no opinion, please make a decision so we can get back to work.” But remembering how delighted she felt when he had told her that he favoured consensual decision-making, she simply replied that she supported whatever the group decided.

As the weeks went on, many other topics got the same treatment and she realised her first impression of this style of working was not at all how she liked to work. She now understood why her boss felt he had to explain this consensual approach to her. He later described how it feels to be Swedish working with Americans, who are “too busy to be good team members” and “always trying to impose a decision for decision’s sake without soliciting feedback”.

 

In the following video, you will see how different cultures approach the decision making process.

HISTORICAL ROOTS OF THIS DIMENSION

As with all cultural characteristics, these differing styles of decision-making have historical roots. American pioneers, many of whom had fled the formal hierarchical structures of their homelands, put emphasis on speed and individualism. The successful pioneers were those who arrived first and worked hard, regarding mistakes as an inevitable side-effect of speed.

Americans therefore, naturally developed a dislike for too much discussion, preferring to make decisions quickly.

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